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The Mongols were religiously tolerant and culturally tolerant. they allowed for the conquered to keep cultural identity and religion after they were taken over. they even adapted to new cultures that they had seen throughout their conquest.
I like how you added that they adapted to new cultures through areas they conquered. To make it a little bit stronger I would just add an example of a culture or tradition they adopted.
They practiced religious tolerance among all subjects as well as treated their soldiers well, promoted based on merit, rather than birth, established a vast postal system, and enforced universal rule of law.
Practiced religious tolerance and allowed Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, and Doasists to practice their religion. They were open to any cultures and religions
They promoted diversified economic development. They built canals for trade, were patrons of the arts, and even created tax free customs zones protected by the Pax Mongolia
Open to new ideas, religion, culture, learning, innovations. They immediately incorporated better techniques/innovations and other cultural aspects into their empire for use. If you made it and they saw it as useful, good then they incorporated it into their life and empire. Pretty religious and culturally accepting as well.
As we conquered many cities, we spared those who were obedient and talented. We allowed them to continue living which is a civilized action. We killed those who were evil towards our progress and help benefit those who could help us. We saved peoples lives when we took them over, and we overall helped hem as their city and people benfied from joining our profitable empire
The Mongols made the Silk Roads flourish once more, allowing trade and cultural exchange between East and West, and its legacy forged Russia and China into unified states.
Increased communication through Eurasia by developing this pony express like system of way stations with horses and riders that could quickly relay information.
Their attitude of relative openness toward foreigners and foreign influence led to an extraordinary interchange of products, peoples, technology, and science throughout the Mongol domains.
when destroying a city, the Mongols spared artisans, philosophers, and people with skill, later on they would put those people in multiple parts of their empire which allowed knowledge to spread throughout it
Practiced religious tolerance amongst the empire. Warriors treated well , promoted wealth based on merrit, established a vast postal system, and enforced universal rule of law.
The Mongols were civilized because they practiced religious tolerance and did not discriminate against others due to their religion. They wanted to expand their empire as much as they could, so religion did not play a huge role for them.
The Mongols dave women more rights than any other society at the time, women could have status and could also divorce their husbands if they wanted too
I have to agree with the fact that they did conquer a lot of land, but the system they used was very much wrong. They shouldn't of have killed as many people as they did. All of those innocent lives died only because they didn't want to be under the rule of someone else.
the mongols built great things and established new infrastructure including the expansion of the grand canal, the creation of new bridges and roads, and the creation of a new postal system. they also built a beautiful city called Karakorum.
When the Mongols conquered different areas they kept people that would benefit them. For example, the kept artisans to produce goods for them which they were then able to trade with.
The Mongols increased communication throughout Eurasia by developing the pony express system (Yam System) which was basically like a rest stop for travelers
Mongol women had pretty good lives considering the time period. They were able to divorce their husbands, control domestic affairs, and were trusted advisors.
They destroyed many cities and made people surrender, but, the people they did surrender were able to practice their own religion. As long as they didn't retaliate, they were able to live relatively freely.
The Mongols didn't control others' religious beliefs even when concurring cities they would let them believe what they want they just needed to pay their tax.
Xe Heng - appointed by Kubli Khan in the Yuan Dynasty to serve as president of the imperial academy. he made his life better by putting him in a better position.
William Rubrick: His roundtrip journey lasted the better part of three years. William had the distinction of being the first European to visit the Mongol capital of Karakorum on the Orkhon River and return to write about it.
He provides a unique description of the Khan's palace there and abundant detail about the individuals of various ethnicities and religions whom he encountered.
I was part of the best-organized army at the time, and we were the best with our weapons and horses. Being a well-trained warrior, an organized army is important in a society, and with all the advanced tactics, we were pretty smart and civilized for our enhanced, advanced military.
William Rubrick: He was particularly interested in the Nestorian Christians. He describes generally with great precision Mongol traditional culture, many features of which have survived amongst the herders one may observe today in inner Asia.
Set an example for other Mongol women because she was spirited, independent and outspoken. Most likely was the influence for Genghis Khan’s policies that allowed women to actively participate in empire affairs. - Hoelun
Our army was outnumbered in many battles yet we were almost undefeated. We had great military tactics that helped us win. We were the best horsemen and established the largest land empire in the world. - Genghis Khan
William Rubrick: He viewed the Mongols as civilized by the way he describes the palace as “abundant” and he also worked with the Mongols to promote Christianity. purpose of promoting conversion to Christianity and gauging support of the Mongols for Crusades on behalf of King Louis IX.
I got to see the conquering of many cities and the cities we conquered benefited from our attacks as they joined our amazing army and Mongol Empire. Yes we stole their riches, but they benefited more than their riches from joining our prosperous empire
The Mongols began using the Silk Road again to trade successfully and stabilize relations between Russia and China. They traded salts and metals - some of the largest loads in the world at the time.
Men and women both contributed to society, and gender hierarchies didn’t exist. Women were responsible for domestic affairs, could divorce their husbands, and were consulted in affairs. Men were responsible for laws and order and making decisions on behalf on the rest of society.
Marco Polo wrote of huge transportation canals like those in his hometown of Venice, Italy. Citizens could purchase paperback books, eat rice from porcelain, and wear silk garments. Salt production via the Silk Road was huge and steel production was at a level not yet reached by Europe.
Marco Polo continues descriptions of the Mongols wealth; the vastness of the place, an enormous population requiring tons of food, and other resources that the Mongols continued to produce.
Three different levels of society that executed the many laws and rules that the Mongols had created. Hierarchy based on merit and not on social status was common, and this led to many regulations. Tolerance of differences was common, and Mongols were only harsh when not obeyed by their people.
After they conquered cities or places they would rape women and kill males/men (usually younger) so that they couldn’t reproduce and that the Mongol population/descendants would grow, while the city they conquered would have less descendant of that people.
Fearsome plunderer and looters. They looted the riches and prized possessions of the cities/places they conquered, as well as stole workers that were seen as specialized or essential (also stole women). Destroyed homes and took people away from their families and home
Pope Innocent IV (2): Pope Innocent sent off a letter with some emissaries to the Great Khan, leader of the Mongols. The Khan at the time was Güyük Khan. He sent some Benedictine monks with the letter. They traveled more than three thousand miles, and it took them more than eighteen months to get to the Mongol camp. And when they finally did get there, they were kept waiting for another few months before they finally had their audience with the Great Khan. The letter was saying that Great Khan should be careful because he is putting himself at the risk of the judgment of God and he wanted peace
It did not say how long or how they chose the soldiers. It did say that those who knew the Mongols would say that they were creatures with dog heads with human flesh
The Mongols helped spread the plague (Black Death) by catapulting their soldier’s bodies, who were infected with the disease, across enemy walls to eliminate the people in that city. This is known as biological warfare.
Genghis Khan’s armies were said to have killed 1.6 million people in the city of Herat in northwestern Afghanistan in 1222; that’s 1.6 million, dispatched with arrows, clubs, and swords
Witness: Prince Mstislav lll of Kiev - Prince Mstislav and the others held out for three days before surrendering. The Mongols celebrated their victory with a feast and constructed a platform to sit upon for their feast. The captive Russian princes did not enjoy the banquet because the Mongols used them in the construction of the platform as support for the planks - they were crushed as the Mongols celebrated. Ultimately, the Prince and others died from being crushed by the Mongols.
The Mongols catapulted dead bodies infected with the plague over the walls of cities that refused to surrender. This made the spread of the plague even more rapid.
They helped spread the Bubonic Plague and other diseases through their conquest as they came into contact with people who were not immune to their diseases and bacteria.
They killed millions of people, destroyed cities, and spread the plague. Yet, their empire didn't even last 150 years. Everything they did to conquer land was basically for nothing.
The reputation of the Mongols for slaughter spread even farther than their actual Conquest.based on Persian, Chinese, Russian, and other accounts of the speed and ruthlessness with which the Mongols carved out the largest contiguous land empire in world history,
When the Mongols conquered they only seemed to be able to have success through violence. They destroyed cities, catapulted dead bodies towards enemy sides, and stole from enemies.
The Mongols were fearsome plunderers who used psychological warfare and their own reputation to put fear in enemy eyes and overtake the cities they were in charge of
Weatherford states that ‘conservative scholars place the number of dead from Genghis Khan’s invasion of central Asia at 15 million within five years’, however ‘even this more modest total…would require that each Mongol kill more than a hundred people’.
they annihilated those who refused to surrender and killed millions in the process. they also destroyed the cities and architecture when people did not surrender.
helped the rapid spread of the Black Death due to the facks that they opened up trade and by catapulting their soldier's dead sick bodies, over their enemies walls, which is insane because the Mongols even thaught about biochemical warfare
The Mongols traded along the Silk Road a lot which led to them being a big reason of spreading the plague which killed many more people and decreased the economy.
Mongols and merchant caravans that were poorly quarantined and underreported by the Mongol government inadvertently brought the plague from central Asia to the Middle East and Europe.
After the death of Genghis Khan, the empire fell leaving thousands of people without a city or leaders to help them recover. they also helped demolish the number of people in these cities by spreading the Black Death leaving more hopelessness.
Pope Innocent IV: In the 1230s and 1240s, the Mongol armies were raiding Russian towns and cities. These armies even made their way into modern-day Poland and Hungary. They did more raiding than occupying territory—they would come and take what they could and leave a lot of death. It left Eastern Europe and Russia unsettled and it started a panic through the rest of Europe and the Holy Roman Empire. And that is when the pope got involved.
Witness: Prince Mstislav lll of Kiev - Prince Mstislav lll of Kiev fought against the Mongols, who were trying to conquer Russia. However, it didn’t end up going the way he thought it would. The Mongols massacred the Russian camp before anyone could organize a defense.
The Mongols would not leave behind any infrastructure when they left for an attack, take innovations and ideas with them away from the city they conquered.
in Juvayni book, he talks about how he thought that the Mongols had the strength of 700,000 men, how they were smart by rounding up all the meat over a large region and dried it for the winter, how they were quick in battle, and how they were ruthless
Witness: Prince Mstislav lll of Kiev - Many of the Russians attempted to flee, only to be cut down, but Prince Mstislav and a few others retreated and rallied a force at a rocky area on the banks of the Kalka and resisted Mongol attacks. As this occurred, other Mongols pursued the Kipchaks and any Russians who fled all the way to the banks of the Dniepe.
In his book, Juvayni stated “The first stones which were discharged from them broke the defenders' trebuchet and many were crushed under it. Fear of the quarrels from the crossbows overcame them so that they were in a complete panic and tried to make shields out of veils [i.e. they did best to defend with very indadequate equipment.] Some who were standing on towers crept in their terror like mice into holes or fled like lizards into the crannies of the rocks”
The Mongol general Bayan was bent on eliminating the threat posed by Song remnants, so he led his troops in pursuit and attacked southern China. He was forced to flee in order not to be killed due to mass murder of the song dynasty
When the Mongols sacked the city of Baghdad when Al-Musta'ism was Caliph he lost all the mosques, universities, libraries, inhabitants, and treasures that were in Baghdad.
Gabriele de Mussis (city of Kaffa) - The Black Death is widely believed to have reached Europe from the Crimea as the result of a biological warfare attack this could have been lead to the Mongols and their ruthless biological warfare tactics.
they raped women and used brutal scare tactics to force people to surrender, if they chose not to surrender the mongols would kill and destroy entire cities to conquer land
Resident of Balkh Bukhara in 1220- During the invasion, the Mongols killed everyone in sight, except for skilled workers to exploit, and men to fight in the Mongol army
Al-Musta'ism had to pick between the Mamluks or Mongols, but Al-Musta'ism didn't get to decide because the Mongols already went on their way to attack Baghdad.
De Mussis recorded an early example of biological warfare in describing the hurling of plague-infected cadavers over the Kaffa city walls by the besieging Tartars in 1346.
Pope Innocent IV (3):The Great Khan sent a letter back to the pope. He said, “If you should act up to your word then you, the great pope, should come with the monarchs to pay us homage and we should thereupon instruct you.” He went on to inform the pope that he was not subject to the pope, but rather it was the other way around. The Pope's letter was not a success and the Mongols continued to raid.
Alauddin Khali - The Mongols continued to launch attacks even though their army became weak and they began losing their battles, leading to their collapse.
While destroying towns, the Mongols terrorized the people as well. They ripped unborn children from mother's wombs and used prisoners as human shields.
The Mongols catapulted the Plague-infected soldiers to the other side of the city. Dead bodies were landing on the city's floors. People fled, but the Plague caught on to millions of people.
