Can ethical standards be objective?
Ethics can be objective
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Ethics are always subjective
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(Note: I'm not sure I should be on this side of the debate, but I had to choose a side to write on) I think it seems reasonable to think that ethical standards have evolved due to the mutual benefits of helping each other, as you said. I don't see where else they would have come from. Are ethical standards the same as moral standards? Ethical standards exist that are objectively the best at ensuring survival of the group, and of course the individuals within it, through mutual dependence / interdependence. This doesn't necessarily mean that things are objectively right or wrong, because you would need an objective reason for why survival of the group, or the individual, is a good thing. You ask: "Is it objectively logical for humans to co exist and co operate, rather than take advantage of each other or engage in conflict over resources?" I think it must depend on the circumstances. Sometimes the best way to survive is to work with one another, but sometimes it is to take what you need by force (war), usually because the others aren't willing to cooperate with you. Others may be unwilling to cooperate with you because you have nothing to offer them in return, in which case it may be logical to take from them what you need by any means necessary in order to survive - if they have what you need. Generally conflict with others will hurt your chances of survival, so it should be a last resort. Side: Ethics can be objective
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