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The Mongols practiced religious tolerance. They, themselves, practiced a religion tied to their land, so they did not expect everyone they conquered to adhere to that. religions like Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity could be found in their empire.
Mongols would save the artisans and had them make goods for them instead of killing them when they took over another city. This helped the mongols with the production of goods and making it easier.
Even though they promoted by merit, at times it was all about loyalty. Genghis Khan was so ruthless towards others and their loyalty, he killed his own step-brother.
The Mongold were civilized through their acts of imposing religous tolerance. When Gengis Khan became the "ruler" of the Mongols, he incorporated Buddhist, Islamic, and Chirstian traditions in the Mongol society even though the Mongols were highly Shamanistic. For example, throughout the Mongol Empire, their were many mosques that Gengis Khan wanted built.
Despite the Mongols having protected the Silk Road, the huge trade route connecting many cultures together was one of the major ways that disease spread.
(Kublai Khan) I expanded the knowledge base and learning ability of our empire by expanding the printing business to provide more books for the public and funded more astronomical equipment for scholars to use and discover with.
(Kublai Khan) I helped decrease poverty in the empire by creating a public-assistance program that stored surpluses of various goods so that when there was a bad economic year in the empire, there would be material to provide to the poorer.
(Kublai Khan) I was not discriminatory towards our neighboring Chinese civilians and I embraced their scientific accomplishments, and preserved their bureaucracy and wealth.
The Mongols gave more power to women than other civilizations that used harsh patriarchy's during this time. They were given the right to hold power, divorce, and own land.
The Mongolian Empire stretched from the Mountains in Hungary all the way to the pacific Ocean. This opened up trading routes such as the silk road. which brought religion and new cultures to the empire.
During the Mongols rule in China they helped their poor population by funding a rural organization. The organization lowered taxes and gave farms to the poor.
the Mongolian people ate all animals and considered no animals sacred. Also evident is the extreme thriftiness of the Mongols who need to survive extremely harsh conditions.
I agree with your statement but I believe this is on the wrong side of the argument. Eating all animals, including those they used (horses) should be considered uncivilized.
Marco's father and uncle traded in the East when Marco was a kid near Constantinople. The conditions to return to Venice were unsafe, so the Polos head further east, where they traveled through much of the Mongol empire. (they appreciated the protection the Mongols provided on trade routes such as the Silk Road)
The honor the Mongol holds to the khan and his people is immense. For they are more obedient to their lords and masters, then any other either clergy or lie-people in the whole world.
The Polo family somewhat acted as servants for the Khan at the time (Kublai Khan) after traveling through the Mongol Empire, and were provided with paizas so they could safely travel back to Venice after their service.
Mongol's built a system of roads making the path to travel on the silk roads smoother and less dangerous. This made me a Silk Road Merchant feel more safe traveling across the routes.
Enhanced the protection on the Silk Road and considered it a “free-trade zone.”
For example, it was believed that a person could walk the entire road, carrying a gold plate on their head without them getting ambushed, or the plate getting stolen
Marco Polo documented the Mongolian “Yam System” (like a pony express/mail). He wrote that the men delivering mail would wear belts with bells on them so people could prepare to take in their packages/letters. It was very efficient!
the Mongolian people to be quite advanced in food storage and trade compared to their European counterparts in addition to being well adapted to their harsh climate. This has to do with combing cultures and beliefs across the trade routes.
The Mongols had a centralized power. They also used single inter-regional laws for all of their conquered territories making it easier to keep their people in check.
The Mongols's also allowed the silk roads to go into its 3rd golden age, therefore, I as a Silk Road Merchant, traded more goods and prospered more economically.
I agree with this comment, Gegis Khan did have many roads and bridges built throughout the Mongol Empire, and even though the Mongol army was small (100,000-125,000 soldiers) they were skilled in using horses and creating a seige weapons.
I kindly disagree because Mongols followed a strict war code that killed their own soldier. They may have been kind but one inhumane rule they used was if a soldier left another one behind that soldier would be killed.
(Alauddin Khlji) Mongols weren't uncivilized in their military tactics I used them myself. I was one of the few rulers who didn't fear his small fleet or "gruesome" tactics because all army's used their tactics.
Mongols had the best organized army to ever exist, even though they were not the largest army. Women were more equal to men than ever so there was not much patriarchy. Mongols had also granted religious freedoms and tolerated other religions. As the Mongols expanded, these features led to the Mongols being the largest land empire in history.
I William Rubruck record information of many of the people I interacted with on my travels, such as the powerful Great Möngke Khan. Full of life and well respected amongst the empire.
(Sorghagtani Beki) She taught her sons Confucian thought and respect, each of her sons promoted some kind of religious tolerance in each of the reigns.
(Rashid al-Din) I wrote my book, "Collection of Chronicles," to discuss great civilizations in the world. I wrote about areas like China and India, and I also wrote about great people like the Mongols. I wrote about many years of their history and their successes.
I William Rubruck undertook my own mission to the Mongols with the dual purpose of promoting conversion to Christianity and with their religious tolerance Christianity was able to spread throught china and parts of eastern asia.
(Rashid al-Din) I believed in the Mongols and their postal system so much that I, a famous vizier, offered to take this financial burden off their hands and take care of certain parts of it so they can focus more on other things, like their army.
Entering the service of Hulego Khan, I was appointed as governor of Iraq and Khuzistan after the fall of Baghdad. I was paid well by the Mongols and looked up to Hulego. I wrote about them, their enemies, and their successors.
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The Mongols often destroyed entire cities to get their way. For example, Baghdad, the capital of Abbasid empire, fell to the Mongol empire after Genghis Khan’s death, resulting in many more deaths.
They didn’t want many Chinese people to get high-ranking jobs and didn’t allow the Chinese to learn the Mongol language. Believed they were above the Chinese people
During war Mongols used harsh and inhumane tactics. These tactics included using prisoners as human shields, catapulting infected bodies on enemies, and using dead bodies to fill up enemy moats.
Culturally, they allowed for a numerous amount of cultural elements, such as language and religion, to thrive under their empire, maintaining these cultural elements relevance even to today.
I agree that they were incredibly brutal towards Chinese and most khans were discriminatory towards them, however under Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai, he was incredibly supportive of the Chinese and their accomplishments to the point where the Mongolians believed he was almost of a traitor.
Unless a city chose to surrender to the Mongols, they would be slaughtered. The Mongols wouldn't spare anyone, no matter if they begged to stay alive or work for the Mongols.
So, if city leaders didn't surrender, their entire civilization wiped out for good.
The Mongol domains were split into four sectors; segment 1 (China, Mongolia, Korea, and Tibet) and segment 2 (Central Asia), which had many conflicts with each other.
The Mongols were uncivilized because, when they went on to onquer differetn parts of the world, when there enemies didn't surrender the Mongols kiled them without purpose.
The Mongols impacted my life as a Silk Road Merchant by invading and destroying some of the oases and trading centers along my routes. This made the journey more difficult because I needed to travel a longer distance along the dangerous terrain to get to another oasis or city.
The Mongols were not huge fans of architecture. They had a couple cities like Karakorum that were great capitals, but they never built huge cities. They mostly stayed in yurts which were able to be moved.
Mongolian society is mostly patriarchal. marriages were usually arranged between families. Should a woman have the misfortune to be widowed it is unlikely she will remarry. Men could also practice polygamy.
Mongolian society was one of the least patriarchal societies because women were granted many rights. Women and men were closer to equal than many other societies at the time. For example, they were given the right to hold power, divorce, and own land.
I William Rubruck have noticed that courtesy does not extend to foreigners and finds that the Mongol treats all strangers with contempt and insolence.The slaughter of other people is accomplished with nothing with them.
Mongols destroyed cultures in Bhangdad by burning down the city and filling their irrigation system with dirt, all because their ruler wouldn't surrender.
As a mongol warrior, the mongol army required such a large level of obedience and discipline it was an immense struggle to keep up with their ruthless demands.
I respectfully disagree because it was not necessarily Khan's fault that his Empire broke apart into 4 different empires. This is mostly due to his grandsons being the leaders of the empire and Khan passing away after this fact.
The Mongols participated in many acts of disagreement. As mongols expanded into the sedentary world, some were influenced by sedentary cultural values and realized if they wanted to expand and rule the territories they would need to adopt intuitions and practices of sedentary groups. Others were traditionalists, wanting to maintain traditional Mongolian pastoral-nomadic values.
Even though the Mongols did in fact disagree, the Mongols did encourage debates among different worlds and used the take aways as ways to improve the empire for the better.
During a battle in 1245 in China a Mongol fleet ran out of food so they began to eat each other. Out of 10 soldiers 1 would be eaten due to low funds and no food.
Even though the Mongols did promote trade, and had a great respect for it, the idea of increasing the interconnectivity among trade, especially the Silk Road, the Mongols did in fact spread the Bubonic plague across Eurasia.
The Mongolian’s attitude towards alcohol consumption is patently different to that of the western monk, they engage in ritualized drinking challenges and tease each other to drink heavily while they sing, clap their hands, stomp their feet and dance until everyone is drunk
“For some years I continued averse from mentioning this event, deeming it so horrible that I shrank from recording it… “ - Ibn al-Athir (referring to his experience with Mongolian invasion.)
A Franciscan friar, who in 1245 went to seek out the Great Khan in the hope of persuading him to become a Christian, reported that during a siege of a Chinese city, a Mongol army ran out of food and ate one of every ten of its own soldiers.
Frequent ultimatums were sent to rulers whose lands were in the Mongol advance informing the recipient that they were part of the world-empire of the Mongols
(Alauddin Khlji)I was in constant battle with the Mongol forces that constantly tormented Delhi. They destroyed culture, religion, and human lives at every attempt they made to capture my land.
The Mongols did promote religous tolerance among the Empire, which each emperor imposed, but the Mongols did not want to get to involved in Chinese culture and tradition, and they didn't allow Chinese people to practice the Mongolian language.
Gabriele de Mussis -> I am an eyewitness of the siege of Kaffa by the Mongols in Europe. They were very ruthless, the first seige took the lives of 15,000 deaths.
Al-Musta'sim, caliph of Baghdad in 1258: I was wrapped in a carpet and kicked and trampled to death by the army and horses, a very uncivilized way to kill someone.
(Lu Xiufu) The Mongols were pushing through our population, leaving me no choice but to jump off of a cliff with the boy-king Zhao Bing, who is only 7 years old.
(Alauddin Khlji) Mongols constant war in the Punjab region was very inhumane and intolerant. They battled with me many times just to expand their land rule. They used the tactics of human shields and diseases riddled bodies to try and stop our army.
(Zhao Bing) I would frequently migrate to many different countries in hopes of escaping the brutal Mongolian Army, but they were too powerful, and would easily be able to find me.
After interacting with Genghis Khan, I refused to open trade relations with him because I saw this as a tactic to invade MY land. I wouldn't allow it. I also believe this because of all the horrible rumors I have been hearing about the Mongols.
Gabriele de Mussis -> During the siege of Kaffa, if a Mongol soldier died of infection of the black death (the plague), they would catapult this infected body over to the opposing sides' land. Because of this, during the cleanup of these bodies, many people got the black death from these infected bodies. The bodies were usually all mangled and in some cases, limbs might even have to be cut off to get the body out.
Al-Musta'sim, caliph of Baghdad in 1258: The Mongols lied to me when they claimed that if a Mongol army was to invade, the Islamic world would rush to our aid, which didn’t happen. They still continued to massacre and destroy the city after we surrendered.
Gabriele de Mussis -> The Mongols didn't only do this in Kaffa at a lot of the ports in the Crimean peninsula they did this. Another thing is because of the Mongols coming and with their ruthless reputation, many people tried to flee but because of the black death and them throwing the infected bodies. Many people that left had the plague, therefore spreading it to where they went, making it very widespread.
Al-Musta'sim, caliph of Baghdad in 1258: Mongols burnt down libraries and the “House of Wisdom” with works and products that were translated and collected for hundreds of years during their destruction of Baghdad.
After I told Genghis "no" to opening trade relations with him, he proceeded to send me emissaries (about 100-450 Muslim merchants led by a single Mongol). I think this was to emphasize his hope for trade with my city. However, I made of governor of mine openly accuse the party of spying. My soldiers then took away their luxurious goods and arrested them. Hopefully Genghis will learn that I am not interested.
Genghis clearly did not get the memo. He proceeded to send me 3 messengers to, yet again, give me a chance to open trade with them. These messengers threatened me by saying that if I didn't give him a chance to disclaim all knowledge of my governor's actions and handed him over to his city for punishment, then I would regret it! Ha! I ended up killing his envoy and even decided to put his merchant party to death, including the Muslims.
However, these events led to Genghis attacking my city with 100,000-150,000 men!
Background of Balk Bukhara: Ali was buried in a secret place where no one knew. One day his followers worried somebody discovered where his body was, so they removed it from the place, put it on a camel and headed east. The camel eventually dropped and they buried Ali right there and the location was lost.
Later on, a man living in the area had a dream where Ali appeared to him and revealed the reburial site near the city of Balkh. It was confirmed, so a shrine was then built and a city founded.
Around 1220, Genghis Khan came and destroyed the Mosque and city.
The founder of the religion of Zoroastrianism was also killed by invadings. Mongols had negatively impacted his life because his city was destroyed, leaving people to have to rebuild and regain their city back, build new mosque to be able to practice their religion. The Mongols were more enemies than they were friends/alliances.
There were not civilized because they tortured people to put fear on the opposite forces, they even killed so many women and children to conquer states. Even if people surrendered, they treat them badly.